Following the sabotage of Nord Stream 2, the relevance of defending critical undersea infrastructure for Europe and NATO has come into focus. However, as Dr. Umbach emphasizes, the focus must not only be on defending against cyber attacks. It is just as important to defend against physical attacks on submarine cables. He calls for strategic adjustments and outlines options for action for NATO and the EU to deal with the challenges.
Dr. Frank Umbach's contribution is part of a transatlantic initiative and transatlantic research project in cooperation with NATO and the European Commission, in which, in addition to Dr. Umbach, former EU Commissioner Andris Pribalgs (Latvia) and US expert Dr. Benjamin Schmitt are also involved and present the first results here with three independent contributions in a publication.